India currently lacks legislation specific to AI. Consequently, there is no specific or standardised list of enforcement actions/fines vis-à-vis AI-related offences.

Penalties and enforcement mechanisms are contextual and can vary depending on the nature of offence. For instance, use of an individual’s personal data for AI training models could trigger privacy violation (resulting in fines under the DPDPA), or use of content without licences could result in copyright infringement claims (resulting in civil or criminal actions). Similarly, use of AI for deepfakes, identity theft or creation of unlawful content can trigger liability under the IT Act, as well as the criminal laws of India, resulting in fines, imprisonment or both. Sector-specific regulations may also be invoked if the use contravenes the relevant regulations.