Limited private companies

Separate and distinct legal entity. Managed by a board of directors, which is responsible for making major business decisions and overseeing the general affairs of the corporation. Directors are elected by the shareholders or the board of the corporation. Officer could be appointed by directors to run the day-to-day operations of the corporation.

Limited private companies

• Up to 50 shareholders
• Right to transfer shares restricted
• Invitation to public to subscribe for any shares or debentures prohibited
• Generally no personal liability of the shareholders
• Taxed on its profits at a corporate level. No tax on capital gains or dividends with exceptions for certain foreign-sourced income
• Typical corporate documents include:
  • Articles of association
  • Certificate of incorporation
  • Business registration certificate
  • Board resolutions
  • Shareholders' resolutions
  • Share certificates
  • Common seal (optional) and
  • Registers.

Board of directors has overall management responsibility.

Annual return, notification of changes (such as share capital and directors) and creation of certain charges must be filed with the Companies Registry.

Limited public companies

No restrictions on number of shareholders, right to transfer and invitation to public to subscribe for shares or debentures.

Interim and annual report also to be filed with Hong Kong Stock Exchange if the public company is listed in Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

Companies limited by guarantee (without a share capital)

Same as limited private companies, except liability of shareholders limited by the company's articles to the amount that the shareholders undertake to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of it being wound up.

Limited private companies

No minimum capital requirement.

Limited private companies

Shareholders of a corporation are generally not liable for the debts of a corporation aside from their financial contribution to the corporation.

Limited private companies

A limited private company is taxed on its business profits at a corporate level. There are no tax on capital gains or dividends except for certain foreign-sourced income pursuant to the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Taxation on Specified Foreign-sourced Income) Ordinance 2022 and the Inland Revenue (Amendment) (Taxation on Foreign-sourced Disposal Gains) Ordinance 2023  which came into effect on January 1, 2023 and January 1, 2024 respectively.

Limited private companies

File Incorporation Form, Notice to Business Registration Office and Articles of Association with the Companies Registry.

Limited private companies

Well regarded and widely used.

Limited private companies

Save for an annual general meeting, regular meetings are not mandatory. The Companies (Amendment) Ordinance 2023 provides companies with greater flexibility to hold fully virtual or hybrid general meeting.

Limited private companies

Regular meetings are not mandatory unless required by a shareholders' agreement and/or articles of association. However, it is recommended to convene board meetings to approve corporate changes and significant transactions.

Limited private companies

Must annually file tax returns with the Inland Revenue Department.

Limited private companies

Business registration with the Inland Revenue Department valid for 1 or 3 years is required.

Limited private companies

There is usually no need to change the articles of association as the business expands, unless the business scope is clearly stated in the articles. There may be a need to change the nature of business stated in the business registration certificate.

Limited private companies

Exit usually takes place by:

• Voluntary winding up of the company
• Sale of shares or
• Sale of assets.

Limited private companies

• Annual general meeting: Generally required to hold an annual general meeting of shareholders within 9 months after the end of its accounting reference period. An annual general meeting may be held virtually unless the articles of the company expressly preclude it or require the meeting to be held at a physical venue. Audited financial statements must be tabled at the annual general meeting. The annual general meeting can be replaced by written resolutions by all shareholders. This requirement may be waived for certain companies.

• Annual Return: Generally required to be filed with the Companies Registry within 42 days after the date to which the return is made up to with updated company's information, including the shareholders' and the directors' information.

• Audited financial statements: Required to be prepared up to the end of the financial year of the company in accordance with the Hong Kong GAAP.

• Renewal of Business Registration Certificate (depends on its 1 year or 3 years validity period)

Limited private companies

At least 1 director; at least 1 director must be a natural person.

Limited private companies

Company secretary must be either a Hong Kong corporate or an individual who is a Hong Kong resident (who cannot also be the sole director of the company).

Limited private companies

None beyond the required natural director, company secretary and designated representative to provide assistance relating to the company’s significant controllers register.

Limited private companies

None required.

Limited private companies

Each Hong Kong company must have a registered office in Hong Kong.

Limited private companies

Sufficient.

Limited private companies

Allowed.

Limited private companies

Allowed. Starting from March 1, 2018, company service providers are required to apply for a Trust or Company Service Provider License from the Registrar of Companies.

Limited private companies

None, except for the company secretary (see local corporate secretary requirement).

Limited private companies

None, except 1 natural director is required.

Limited private companies

Directors are appointed by the shareholders or the board (if permitted by the articles of association), and the board of directors is the highest authority in the management of the corporation and governs the organization by establishing broad policies and objectives. In contrast, officers may be appointed by the directors to oversee day-to-day operations of the corporation.

Limited private companies

Identity of directors and shareholders is publicly disclosed in filings with the Companies Registry. Particulars of directors are partially available in the public filings.

On October 24, 2022, the usual residential addresses and full identification numbers (collectively, Protected Information) of directors and company secretaries were replaced with correspondence addresses and partial identification numbers for public inspection. In addition, starting from December 27, 2023, incumbent or former directors may apply to the Companies Registry to have their Protected Information previously submitted replaced with correspondence addresses and partial identification numbers. Only “specified persons” are able to access the Protected Information upon application.

Starting from March 1, 2018, companies incorporated in Hong Kong (except for listed and exempted companies) are required to create and maintain a significant controllers register. The register will not be publicly available but should be open for inspection by law enforcement officers upon demand.

Limited private companies

A minimum of 1 shareholder and a maximum of 50 shareholders (otherwise the company will become a public company). A minimum of 1 natural director and no maximum number of directors.

Limited private companies

1 shareholder is sufficient.

Limited private companies

Removal of directors is generally allowed in general meeting (written resolution is not allowed) by an ordinary resolution of shareholders, but note special procedures apply (eg, the director must be given the right to be heard before a decision).

Limited private companies

None, except director and company secretary.

Limited private companies

Notice to all directors, but directors can agree to short notice.

Limited private companies

If a company has only 1 member, that member present is a quorum of a general meeting of the company. Otherwise, 2 members is a quorum of a general meeting of the company subject to a higher threshold in the articles of association.

Quorum of board meetings depends on the articles of association of the company.

Limited private companies

Not necessary. A company can have a bank account anywhere.

Limited private companies

Audit of financial statements by registered Hong Kong auditors is required, but such audited financial statements are not publicly available. A company’s accounting records must be kept at its registered office or any other place that the directors think fit. If a company’s accounting records are kept at a place outside Hong Kong, the accounts and returns with respect to the business dealt with in those records must be sent to, and kept at, a place in Hong Kong.

Audited accounts must be approved by the board and tabled at annual general meeting.

Limited private companies

No par value.

Limited private companies

The company may:

• Increase its share capital by allotting and issuing new shares in certain circumstances
• Capitalize its profits, with or without allotting and issuing new shares
• Allot and issue bonus shares with or without increasing its share capital
• Convert all or any of its shares into a larger or smaller number of shares

Limited private companies

Funds can be repatriated abroad via dividends, redemption (if the relevant shares are issued as redeemable shares), or share buyback. Different rules and procedures apply in each case.

Limited private companies

Shares can generally be transferred, but a company may refuse to register the transfer. Note also that the transfer documents must be duly stamped or adjudicated before the transfer can be registered by the company.

Limited private companies

No name reservation system. Name must generally end with "Limited." There are specific words that relate to the government and certain industries, which are prohibited.

Limited private companies

Professional service providers complete customer due diligence according to guidelines issued by the Companies Registry on compliance of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing requirements for Trust or Company Service Providers.

Limited private companies

Generally, the Articles of Association can be amended by special resolution of shareholders.

Limited private companies

Generally, no license is required, except business registration with the Inland Revenue Department. Certain businesses require special licenses (e.g. telecommunications).

Limited private companies

Shelf companies can be purchased from 3rd-party service providers, but are less common nowadays.