A corporation is considered an Israeli resident for tax purposes if it is incorporated in Israel, or if its business is managed and controlled in Israel.

Domestic

An Israeli resident corporation is subject to Israeli tax on its worldwide income, including capital gains. A foreign tax credit may be granted for tax paid in other jurisdictions.

Foreign

A non-resident corporation is subject to tax in Israel on its Israeli-source income, including capital gains from dispositions of Israeli assets. Israeli-source income also includes income attributed to business activity carried out in Israel. If a non-resident corporation is entitled to the benefits of a treaty for the avoidance of double taxation, the threshold regarding the level of business activity in Israel is raised and requires the existence of a permanent establishment in Israel.

Domestic

The taxable income of an Israeli resident corporation is the income from the sources stipulated under law,  including capital gains, as reduced by applicable:

• Deductions
• Offsets and credits and
• Exemptions.

Foreign

The taxable income of a non-resident corporation that has business activity in Israel (or a permanent establishment in Israel in the case of a corporation entitled to treaty benefits) is generally similar to that of an Israeli resident corporation.

Both ordinary income and real capital gains of a corporation are subject to a flat tax rate of 23 percent.

These rates might be significantly reduced if the corporation is entitled to one of the incentive regimes discussed under Tax incentives.

The tax year begins on January 1 and ends on December 31 of each calendar year. In special circumstances and subject to a pre-approval, a substituted period of 12 consecutive months may be adopted as the tax year.

Corporations' annual tax returns are due by the end of the 5th month after the end of the fiscal year. An extension to file is routinely obtained.

Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

Tax holidays

Not applicable for this jurisdiction.

Tax rulings

No broad-based rulings are available. Under certain circumstances, taxpayers can request a private letter ruling that would apply only to a specific issue. Ruling summaries are published on a no-names basis.

Tax incentives

Subject to certain conditions, Israeli corporations may qualify for and benefit from certain tax incentives regimes, some of which are discussed under Participation exemption.

Under the Law for Encouragement of Capital Investments provisions, a corporation that qualifies as a Preferred Enterprise would be entitled to a reduced tax rate on its Preferred Income of 16 percent, or 7.5 percent if the enterprise is located in a peripheral zone. Dividend distributed to Israeli resident shareholders from Preferred Income is subject to tax at a rate  of 20 percent. In the case of non-resident shareholders, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate, the 20 percent may be further reduced according to the applicable treaty.

A Special Preferred Enterprise is generally a Preferred Enterprise that:

• Has been pre-approved by the Israel Tax Authority and
• Has Preferred Income of at least NIS1 billion and revenues, on a consolidated basis, of at least NIS10 billion.

A Special Preferred Enterprise may be entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to a further reduced tax rate of 8 percent, or 5 percent if located in a peripheral zone.

Legislation, which became effective January 1, 2017, provides a new incentive regime for a Preferred Technological Enterprise. An enterprise that meets the requirements would be entitled to a reduced corporate tax on income related to its intellectual property of 12 percent, or 7.5 percent if located in a preferential zone. Dividend distributed to Israeli resident shareholders from the preferred income would be subject to 20 percent tax and, in the case of non-resident shareholders, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate, or 4 percent if distributed to a foreign corporation that holds solely or together with other foreign corporations at least 90 percent of the shares of the Israeli corporation. The Israeli tax on dividends may be further reduced according to an applicable treaty.

This legislation also provides that a Special Technological Preferred Enterprise is a Technological Preferred Enterprise that is part of an affiliated group with revenues, on a consolidated basis, of at least NIS10 billion and that such corporation would be entitled to a reduced tax rate on the IP-related income of 6 percent.

Filing consolidated tax returns is generally not permitted with a narrow exception in the case of "industrial companies."

Israeli corporations, which are entitled to the participation exemption regime, are entitled to a tax exemption on:

• Dividends received from a "qualified foreign subsidiary," if distributed during a period of not less than 12 consecutive months, during which the Israeli corporation was a significant shareholder of the subsidiary

• Capital gains derived from the sale of shares of such subsidiary
• Financial income derived from investment on Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (TASE) and
• Interest and linkage difference derived from a financial institution.

Dividends paid from a holding company to non-residents will be entitled to a reduced withholding tax rate of 5 percent. In practice, this regime is rarely in use.

Capital gains derived by corporations are generally taxed at the same rate as ordinary income. The inflationary component of the capital gain accrued from 1994 and onwards is exempt from tax. With few exceptions, capital gains are not eligible for the reduced tax rates under the tax incentive regimes mentioned above.

Israeli resident corporations are subject to tax on capital gains regardless of the asset location. Non-resident corporations are subject to tax in Israel on capital gains from disposition of:

• Assets located in Israel
• Assets located outside of Israel if the assets are essentially a direct or indirect right to assets or inventory located in Israel, real estate in Israel or an Israeli real estate company (with respect to the part attributable to Israeli assets)
• Shares in an Israeli company or
• Shares of a foreign company that is essentially a holder of Israeli assets (with respect to the part attributable to Israeli assets).

Capital gains of a foreign resident from the disposition of securities purchased on the TASE, except for interests in REITs (including a company that ceased from being a REIT) and short-term governmental bonds, are exempt from tax.

Capital gains of a foreign resident from the disposition of private company shares, which were bought during or after 2009, are generally exempt from tax, unless the Israeli company value is mainly derived, directly or indirectly, from Israeli real estate, the right to use Israeli real estate or the right to exploit natural resources in Israel. Notwithstanding the above, foreign resident corporations will not be entitled to the foregoing exemption if more than 25 percent of its “means of control” are held, directly and indirectly, by Israeli residents, or Israeli residents are entitled to 25 percent or more of the revenues or profits of the corporation directly or indirectly.

These exemptions will not apply if the capital gains are attributed to a permanent establishment in Israel. Capital gains may also be exempt under an applicable tax treaty.

Foreign residents will usually be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale, by presenting a valid withholding exemption certificate issued by the Israeli Tax Authority prior to the applicable payment.

Dividends paid by an Israeli corporation to another Israeli corporation are not subject to tax if paid out of income that was subject to corporate tax at the regular rate.

Dividends paid by an Israeli corporation to an individual or to a foreign corporation are subject to tax at the rate of 25 percent, or 30 percent if the shareholder is (or was during the 12 months prior to the distribution) a "significant shareholder." A shareholder is generally considered a significant shareholder if they hold 10 percent or more of the economic or voting rights in the company. These rates may be reduced under an applicable treaty.

There are different utilization rules for current and carried-forward net operating losses and capital losses. Both capital losses and net operating losses which were not utilized in the current tax year may be carried forward indefinitely. Carry back of losses is not available.

Tax-free mergers and spinoffs are achievable provided that certain conditions are satisfied. Some of the tax-free reorganizations are subject to a pre-ruling from the Israel Tax Authority.

Controlled Foreign Company

Under the Israeli controlled foreign company (CFC) rules, the undistributed passive income of certain Non-resident corporations which was taxed at a rate less than 15 percent, will be subject to Israeli tax as if such  passive income were distributed.

Professional Foreign Company

Israel applies the anti-deferral regime of "professional foreign company" and to certain local, closely held  "service companies."

Few Persons Company

Israel also applies anti-deferral rules with respect to a “Few Persons Company,” which generally refers to a company that is controlled by a maximum of five people. Under certain conditions, the following may apply:

• The taxable income which a Few Persons Company derives, will be attributed directly (at least to a certain extent) to the Significant Shareholder, rather than to the company (increasing the applicable tax rate from 23 percent to the applicable personal marginal income tax rate up to 47 percent), if it was generated through the activities of its Significant Shareholder as an officer or employee or otherwise through the provision of management services to a 3rd party, or if it is not considered as "other income" (eg, not interest, dividend, rent, capital gains).

• The undistributed profits (up to 50 percent in a certain tax year) of a Few Persons Company may be deemed as a dividend distribution if:

  • Such profits were not distributed within 5 years subsequent to end of the year it was incurred;
  • The company has accumulated profits in the amount greater of NIS 6 million;

  • The company can distribute the at least part of the undistributed profits without harming its business activity;

  • The result of the non-distribution is tax avoidance or tax reduction;

  • The deemed distribution will not reduce its accumulated profits from NIS 3 million.

• In addition, under the 2025 Amendment, the undistributed retained profits of a Few Persons Company will be subject to an additional 2 percent tax, unless such company had distributed a minimal annual dividend of 6 percent (5 percent in 2025) from its cumulative retained earnings (and subject to other exceptions). Certain types of income, including, the income of financial institutions, companies that are subject to Law for Encouragement of Capital Investments, etc., may not be subject to the undistributed earnings regime under the 2025 Amendment.

Israel grants a tax credit for taxes paid to a foreign jurisdiction on foreign source income. The credit is subject to certain restrictions including the application of the "baskets method."

Disposition of real estate assets (or shares in real estate companies) is subject to land betterment tax, which is similar to capital gain tax.

Purchase of real estate assets (or shares in real estate companies) is generally subject to a purchase tax at a rate of 6 percent. A purchase of a residential apartment is subject to a purchase tax in a progressive rate of up to 10 percent.

Israel applies arm's-length principles to transactions between related entities. The Israeli rules correspond to the OECD guidelines.

Dividends, royalties, interest, rents etc.

Israel imposes extensive tax withholding requirements according to which almost any payment is subject to tax withholding unless a valid certificate is obtained from the tax authorities. For example, dividends are subject to tax withholding at the rate of 25 percent to 30 percent and interest paid to a foreign corporation is subject to tax withholding at the corporate tax rate (currently 23 percent).These rates may be reduced under an applicable treaty.

Service fees

Withholding tax may apply to certain payments for services rendered by a non-resident, particularly where the services are rendered in Israel.

There is no Israeli capital duty or stamp duty.

VAT at a flat rate of 18 percent is imposed on most goods sold and services rendered. Export of goods and intangible assets are generally subject to 0-rate VAT. Provision of services to non-residents may also enjoy the 0-rate VAT under certain conditions.

Purchase tax is imposed on the purchase of real property or interest in real estate company, as described under Special rules applicable to real property.

Employers must withhold income tax from employees' salary, according to their individual tax rate, up to 47 percent (not including surtax on high-income earnings as detailed below).

Employers must also withhold national insurance and health care tax at the aggregate rate of up to 19.6 percent. The burden of such taxes is divided between the employer and the employee and is subject to a cap.

Surtax 

Individuals who are subject to tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) are also subject to an additional tax at a rate of 3 percent on annual income (including but not limited to work income, interest, dividends, and capital gains), on annual income exceeding NIS 721,560, which income is generally linked to the annual change in the Israeli consumer price index (with the exception that based on Israeli new legislation such amount, and certain other statutory amounts will not be linked to the Israeli consumer price index for the years 2025-2027). As of January 1, 2025, an additional 2 percent surtax will be imposed on 'Capital-Sourced Income', to the extent that the Individual’s Capital Sourced Income exceeds the specified threshold of NIS 721,560.

Compensation Fund (Due To War Damages)

To a certain extent, direct damage caused to assets or indirect damage, eg, loss of profit due to war operations may be compensated out of a designated governmental compensation fund, provided certain conditions are met. The Israeli Tax Authority is the governmental body which handles applications for compensations due to war damages.