Domestic

Local entities are subject to an income tax rate of 30 percent for the fiscal year 2020 and 25 percent as of the fiscal year 2021.

In general, local individuals are taxed at a progressive tax rate that goes from 5 percent to 35 percent, except for earnings with a fixed tax rate. Those are the following:

• For local individuals, the transfer of sovereign bonds or any title is taxed at a 5-percent income tax rate if the title is issued in Argentine pesos, or 15-percent income tax rate if a share of a corporation is transferred, or if the title or sovereign bond is issued in Argentine pesos with an adjustment clause or in foreign currency except an exemption results applicable.
• The transfer of real estate by a local individual is taxed at a rate of 1 percent of income tax.  

Foreign

In general, non-resident entities and individuals are taxed at an income tax rate of 35 percent applied on the presumption of taxable income with effective tax rates of 12.5 percent up to 31.5 percent (see Taxable Incomes). Some concepts are not taxed at the general 35-percent tax rate and are taxed to a specific tax rate.

• Transfer of sovereign bonds or any title (public or private) is taxed at a 5-percent income tax rate if the title is issued in Argentine pesos, or 15-percent income tax rate if the title is issued in Argentine pesos with adjustment clause, or in foreign currency except an exemption results applicable. The transfer of shares of a local corporation is taxed at a 15-percent income tax rate. This assumes that the foreign beneficiary is in a jurisdiction considered as cooperative for tax purposes. 
• Dividends paid to a non-resident individual or entity are taxed at a 7-percent tax rate for the fiscal year 2020 and 13 percent as of the fiscal year 2021.
• The applicable tax rates can be lower if a double taxation treaty is applicable.

Both resident companies and non-resident companies (with Australian-sourced income) are subject to income tax at the company tax rate of 30 percent, unless they qualify for a lower rate (25 percent for the 2021-22 income year and later income years) by satisfying specific requirements (ie, having an aggregated turnover of less than AUD50 million and satisfying an active income test).

Due to the qualification of corporations as independent tax subjects, a distinction must always be made between tax ramifications at the level of the company and those at the shareholder level. Since January 2024 profits of corporate entities are taxed at the company level at a flat rate of 23 percent corporate income tax (Körperschaftsteuer). Measures can be expected, such as a reduction in corporation tax from 25 percent to 21 percent over the course of several years. Payments where the recipient is not disclosed (Empfängerbenennung) may attract a 25 percent surcharge and are not tax deductible.

Following the reduction of the initial tax rate the 2nd and 3rd brackets of the wage and income tax are now also to be reduced within the framework of the Eco-Social Tax Reform 2022. As of January 1, 2024, the 2nd bracket will be reduced from initially 35 percent to 30 percent, and the 3rd bracket will be reduced from 42 percent to 40 percent.

The reduced tax rate of 40 percent with regard to the 3rd tax bracket will be applied for the 1st time for salary payment periods ending after December 31, 2023. In the future, the tax brackets and, subsequently, the deductible amounts will be adjusted annually for inflation. In this way, the "cold progression," the inflation-related increase in average tax rates, is to be offset annually – at least by 2/3 of inflation. For 2024, the adjustment is 6.6 percent. 

Resident companies are subject to a standard corporate income tax rate of 25 percent. The first income band of EUR100,000 of small companies is subject to a lower rate of 20 percent, provided that certain conditions are met.

See Taxable income.

The federal general corporate tax rate for 2025 is 15 percent on general active business income, and the combined federal and provincial corporate tax rates for 2025 range from 23 percent to 31 percent depending on the provinces in which the permanent establishments of a corporate taxpayer are located.

The CIT rate is 25 percent for entities that qualify as small to medium enterprises (average yearly income up to USD2.9 million), which is the general rule. The rate is increased to 27 percent for larger enterprises.

Personal Income Tax

Individuals which are tax residents in Chile are liable to pay Personal Income Tax on an annual basis. The rates are progressive depending on the level of income earned each year and the maximum rate is 40 percent.

Value-added tax

Generally, value-added tax (VAT) applies to sale of  goods and services, at a rate of 19 percent.

In general, Chilean VAT law contains minimal exemptions.

The standard enterprise income tax rate is 25 percent, with a few preferential tax rates applicable to qualified enterprises including those applicable to small enterprises.

The standard withholding income tax rate for non-resident enterprises is 10 percent, which may be reduced by applicable tax treaties. The withholding income tax on dividends may be deferred upon re-investment in China.

Corporate Income Tax Rate is 35 percent as of 2022. Financial institutions that report a taxable income exceeding 120,000 UVT (in 2022, COP4,598,484,000) are subject to a special rate of 38 percent from 2022 to 2025.

The corporate income tax rate is 20 percent.

The corporation tax rates is 25 percent as from January 1, 2022. Graduated income tax rates start at 15 percent with a top rate of 25.83 percent (including a 3.3-percent additional contribution).

The corporate income tax rate is 15 percent plus a 5.50-percent solidarity surcharge levied on the corporate income tax (ie, 15.825 percent including the solidary surcharge).

The trade tax rate, which is levied by municipalities, varies, but in practice averages 14 percent to 17 percent of taxable income.

Trade tax is based on taxable income as calculated for corporate income tax purposes. However, several income adjustments apply.

Under the 2-tiered profits tax rate regime (effective from April 1, 2018), the profits tax rate for the first HKD2 million of profits of corporations will be lowered to 8.25 percent; profits above that amount will continue to be subject to the normal tax rate of 16.5 percent. The said rates apply on all assessable income with only a few exceptions. The most significant one is the offshore fund profits tax exemption, which exempts most profit of offshore funds carrying on business in Hong Kong. Partial rate exemption (ie, 8.25 percent) applies to items of income such as income from qualifying debt instruments issued in Hong Kong or the onshore business income of professional reinsurance companies. In addition, qualifying corporate treasury centers may enjoy a 50 percent concession (ie, 8.25 percent) on the prevailing rate of normal Hong Kong profits tax (ie, 16.5 percent) on the qualifying profits.

The corporate income tax is levied at a flat rate of 9 percent.

Local business tax is payable at a maximum of 2 percent on adjusted total trading turnover; it is deductible for corporate income tax purposes.

Income tax rates applicable to an individual taxpayer range from a rate of 0 percent to 30 percent. Under the default tax regime ie, the “New Tax Regime”, no income tax is payable if the income of the individual taxpayer is below INR300,000. A tax of 5 percent is payable if the income of the individual taxpayer is between INR300,000 and INR700,000 , a tax of 10 percent is payable if the income of the individual taxpayer is between INR700,000 and INR10,00,000, a tax of 15 percent is payable if the income of the individual taxpayer is between INR10,00,000 and INR1.2 million, a tax of 20 percent is payable if the income of the individual taxpayer is between INR1.2 million and 1.5 million and a tax of 30 percent is payable if the income of the individual taxpayer exceeds INR1.5 million. A surcharge of 10 percent to 25 percent is payable on different income slabs where total income exceeds INR5 million. Aside from the income tax and surcharge, a health and education cess is payable at the rate of 4 percent of the income tax and surcharge (if any) by the taxpayer. Alternatively, an individual taxpayer may opt for earlier regime with slightly higher marginal tax on income slabs surcharge up to 37 percent with tax deductions.

The income tax rate for domestic companies is 25 percent if turnover or gross receipt of the company in the financial year 2022-23 does not exceed INR4 billion. A surcharge of 7 percent is payable if the income of the domestic company exceeds INR10 million but does not exceed INR100 million. A surcharge of 12 percent is payable if the income of the domestic company exceeds INR100 million. Over and above the income tax and surcharge, health and education cess is payable at the rate of 4 percent of the income tax and surcharge by all taxpayers.

Domestic companies also have an option to pay income tax at lower base rates of 22 or 25 percent for the financial year 2024–25 (assessment year 2025-26) on satisfying certain specific conditions such as not claiming certain deductions. A surcharge of 10 percent and cess of 4 percent will be applicable on companies claiming this option.

Further, an Indian company registered on or after October 1, 2019 for manufacturing activity or generation of power can opt for concessional rate of tax at the rate of 17.16 percent (income tax at the rate of 15 percent plus a surcharge at the rate of 10 percent plus cess at the rate of 4 percent) subject to satisfaction of certain conditions, and specifically, subject to the company commencing manufacturing or power generation by March 31, 2024, to be eligible for this concessional tax rate.

Corporate tax is applied at 2 rates: 12.5 percent for trading income and 25 percent for non-trading (passive) income. From December 31, 2023, a rate of 15 percent will apply to trading income for businesses with a global annual turnover of EUR750 million and above in at least 2 of the preceding 4 years.

Both ordinary income and real capital gains of a corporation are subject to a flat tax rate of 23 percent.

These rates might be significantly reduced if the corporation is entitled to one of the incentive regimes discussed under Tax incentives.

The IRES standard rate equals 24 percent. Specific surcharges are applied to specific sectors.

r corporate tax, the basic national corporate tax rate is 23.2 percent for taxable years commencing from April 1, 2018 or later. Corporations are also subject to local taxes, which increase the standard effective tax rate to 30.62 percent (if the office is located in Tokyo). Since April 2016, the amended Corporation Tax Act has come into force, and corporate tax on a foreign corporation with a permanent establishment in Japan is imposed on its income attributable to the permanent establishment in Japan. For small and medium-sized enterprises, the lowered 19 percent national corporate tax rate is applicable for the income equal to or less than 8 million yen per annum. Until the taxable years commencing before April 1, 2025, such rate is further lowered to 15 percent for a corporation which average taxable income for the last 3 fiscal years is not exceeding JPY1.5 billion.

For the fiscal year 2025, the corporate income tax (CIT) is 16 percent, leading to an overall tax rate for companies of 23.87 percent in Luxembourg City (taking into account the solidarity surtax of 7 percent and including 6.75 percent municipal business tax (MBT) rate applicable and which may vary depending on the seat of the company).

The corporate income tax rate is 30 percent and, for individuals, it is progressive up to a 35 percent rate.

There is also a value-added tax (VAT) of 16 percent on transfers of goods, rendering of independent services, leasing of goods and importation of goods or services into Mexico. An 8 percent VAT rate may be applicable in the north and south border zone of Mexico.

Further, there is an excise that intends to reduce consumption of harmful products (eg, tobacco, alcohol, pesticides) and limit the use of resources (eg, gasoline, energy).

The general rate of IRPC is 32 percent. However, until December 31, 2025 the general rate of IRPC for agriculture, livestock, aquaculture and transport has been reduced to 10 percent.

The standard corporate income tax rate is 25,8 percent. A lower rate of 15 percent applies for taxable income up to EUR395,000. 

The Netherlands only levies withholding tax up to 15 percent on outgoing dividends, often reduced under the application of tax treaties or a domestic withholding exemption. As of January 1, 2021, the Netherlands levies a conditional withholding tax of 25 percent (25.8 percent as of 2022) on payments of interest and royalties to low tax jurisdictions and in abusive situations.

The corporate tax rate is 22 percent (2024).

In Peru, CIT rate is 29.5 percent, which is applied on net income. The same rate and tax basis apply to businesses that are carried out directly by individuals.

It should be pointed out that there are special tax regimes (mainly for small businesses and business that carry on activities in the Amazon) where the business tax rate or business tax burden could be reduced if certain conditions are met.     

Personal tax

Individuals that are domiciled in Peru shall pay personal tax on their income obtained during a year (eg, dividends, interests, fees, among others). The tax rate depends on the type of income as follows:

• 5 percent on royalties, interests and dividends obtained in Peru.
• Income obtained by independent professionals are subject to a progressive tax rate as explained in the upcoming points.

Value-added tax

Valued-added tax (VAT) has a flat rate of 18 percent if incurred in the following transactions: supply of goods within Peru; supply of services within Peru and utilizations of services in Peru; construction contracts; first sale of real state property made by the constructors; and importation of goods.

The corporate income tax (CIT) rate is 19 percent or 9 percent for taxpayers with sales revenue, excluding output VAT and not exceeding EUR2 million (with certain restrictions).

The general corporate income tax rate (“CIT”) is 20 percent. A reduced tax rate of 16 percent applies to the first EUR50, 000 of taxable profits of small, medium-sized enterprises and small mid-caps. If these entities qualify as startups, as defined under the applicable Portuguese legal framework, the reduced tax rate should be of 12.5 percent.

A state surcharge is levied on taxable profits at the following rates: 3 percent for profits over EUR1.5 million up EUR7.5 million; 5 percent on profits over EUR7.5 million up to EUR35 million and 9 percent on profits exceeding EUR35 million.

A municipal surcharge may be levied on taxable profits at rates up to 1.5 percent, depending on the municipality.

Romanian legal entities can be subject of 1 of the following tax systems:

Corporate income tax regime

Romanian tax resident entities and local permanent establishments of foreign entities are subject to 16 percent tax on their profits, computed/allocated as described above.

Companies with an annual turnover of at least EUR50 million during the previous financial year will also apply a tax based on the higher amount of:

• The 16 percent corporate income tax applied to the taxable profit; or
• 1 percent applied to the annual turnover less certain deductions related to investments.

Micro-enterprise tax regime

Newly incorporated legal entities and companies that register a cumulative level of their taxable revenues (as listed by the tax legislation) lower than the RON equivalent of EUR0.25 million may apply the micro-enterprise taxation regime. The micro-enterprise tax applies to revenues derived by the entity and is 1 percent for entities that have an annual turnover of no more than EUR60,000, and 3 percent for entities that exceed this threshold or are engaged in activities under specific NACE rev. 2 codes (ie, related to software development and the hospitality industry).

After the EUR250,000 threshold is exceeded, the legal entity automatically shifts to the corporate income tax regime.

Specific tax system for certain industries

Casinos are obligated to apply the corporate income tax regime and pay a tax no lower than 5 percent of revenues related to gambling activities.

Credit institutions are obligated to pay, besides the standard corporate income tax, an additional tax calculated as 2 percent of the annual turnover. The rate will drop to 1 percent starting 2026.

Companies in the oil and gas industry are obligated to pay, besides the standard corporate income tax, an additional tax calculated 0.5 percent applied to the annual turnover less certain deductions related to their investments.

Specific building tax

Starting 2025, a 1 percent annual tax will be due on the value of all buildings that are not subject to local taxes or exempt from such taxation. More details on the calculation basis are to be provided via application norms.

The general corporate profits tax rate is a flat rate of 20 percent.

The current prevailing rate of corporate income tax is 17 percent (unless a concessionary rate applies). Partial exemptions are available in respect of the first SGD200,000 of chargeable income, as follows:

YA 2020 Onwards

Alternatively, a 75 percent tax exemption on the first SGD100,000 of normal chargeable income and a 50 percent exemption on the next SGD100,000 of normal chargeable income is available to new start-up companies in its first 3 consecutive years of assessment, subject to certain conditions.

The tax rate for resident and foreign corporate entities is 27 percent.

The basic rate on corporate income tax starts at 10% with a top rate of 25%. Corporate local income tax equivalent to approximately 10% of the corporate tax is also imposed.

The general corporate income tax rate is 25 percent. Reduced tax rates of 20 percent, 15 percent, 10 percent and 1 percent are applied to certain corporations. An increased tax rate of 30 percent applies to credit institutions and certain oil companies.

The corporate income tax rate is 20.6 percent. 

Federal corporate income tax is levied at a flat rate of 8.50 percent on profits after tax (ie, the effective tax rate, or ETR, is about 7.83 percent on profit before tax, since income and capital taxes are deductible in determining taxable income).

In addition, each canton has its own tax laws and levies cantonal and municipal corporate income taxes, generally imposed at flat rates.

As a general rule, the combined effective federal, cantonal and communal corporate income tax rate (ETR) currently varies between 12 to 22 percent on profits before tax, depending on the canton and municipality.

In the future, large, internationally active corporate groups with annual turnover of at least CHF750 million will be subject to the new OECD minimum taxation of at least 15 percent on their profits. If the minimum tax rate of 15 percent is not reached, the shortfall will be levied by means of a supplementary tax. The supplementary tax is a federal tax.

For associations, foundations and other legal entities, as well as collective investment vehicles, lower rates may apply.

Equity tax is levied on a cantonal and communal level. The tax rates currently vary from 0.001 to 0.60 percent. On a federal level, no equity tax is levied.

Income tax is assessed at a rate of 20 percent, and the threshold for subjecting a Taiwan company to corporate income tax is TWD20,000 per annum.

In principle, the standard corporate tax rate is 25 percent. However, the corporate tax rate for (i) financial sector companies including banks, financial leasing companies, asset management companies, insurance companies and pension funds and (ii) gains obtained from certain activities is 30 percent. It is calculated based on the fiscal profits on an annual basis.

Turkey has introduced new minimum and supplementary corporate tax regimes:

Domestic Minimum Corporate Tax

As of January 1, 2025, a 10 percent mandatory domestic minimum corporate tax regime is introduced. This minimum tax is calculated on taxable income before the application of certain exemptions or deductions. Accordingly, corporations will be required to pay the larger of the two amounts: either the standard corporate income tax or the domestic minimum corporate tax.

Global and Local Supplementary Corporate Tax

As part of Turkey’s alignment with OECD's Pillar Two framework, the local and global minimum supplementary corporate tax regime is introduced in Turkey, effective as of August 2, 2024. The regime covers corporations’ profits obtained in the 2024 fiscal period and following fiscal periods.

Multinational enterprises with an ultimate parent entity resident in Turkey shall be subject to both global and local supplementary corporate tax if the annual consolidated revenue of the ultimate parent entity exceeds 750 million Euros in at least two of the four financial reporting periods preceding the current fiscal period. Certain entities, including public institutions, nonprofit organizations, pension funds and specific investment vehicles are exempt from this tax regime.

Global minimum supplementary corporate tax: Profits earned in low-tax jurisdictions shall be subject to a supplementary tax at a minimum rate of 15 percent. In this context, consolidated revenue refers to the financial statements prepared by each subsidiary within the multinational enterprise in accordance with internationally accepted financial reporting standards and included in the parent company’s consolidated financial statements.

Local minimum supplementary corporate tax: A domestic top-up tax is implemented to ensure that Turkish operations of multinational enterprises are taxed at a minimum rate of 15 percent. If profits from a subsidiary or permanent establishment are taxed below this rate, the difference shall be collected in Turkey. In this context, the taxpayer includes any subsidiary or joint venture of a multinational enterprise group that is resident in Turkey.

Corporate income tax rate is 18 percent. Lower tax rates are applicable to income from insurance and gambling activities.

Oil and gas producing companies pay tax in the form of royalties as per specific government concession agreements, which are confidential.

Branches of foreign banks are subject to income tax at a rate of 20 percent.

The standard corporation tax rate is 25 percent (for profits of GBP50,000 or less the rate is 19 percent, and for profits between GBP50,000 and GBP250,000 a tapered rate applies).

Where the diverted profits tax applies, the applicable tax rate is 31 percent, and income subject to the ORIP rules is taxed at 20 percent.

The digital services tax rate is 2 percent of group revenue derived from UK users (in excess of a de minimis revenue of GBP25 million), although there is an alternative “safe harbor” calculation for groups with low operating margins.

Flat federal corporate income tax rate of 21 percent. State and local taxes also may apply.

Tax rates differ based on the entity being taxed and are subject to change at the beginning of each tax year.