The sixth essential practice in the current Guidance for AI adoption is to maintain human control. The guidance recommends designing systems and operating processes so that people can supervise, intervene, escalate, override or stop AI use where appropriate to the system’s risk and impact.

Human involvement should be meaningful rather than ceremonial. Reviewers need appropriate expertise, authority, information, independence and time; they should understand relevant system limitations and avoid merely endorsing an automated result. The appropriate form of oversight may range from periodic monitoring for low-impact tools to mandatory approval, dual control, escalation or prohibition of autonomous action in higher-impact contexts.

For government decision-making, human oversight must be assessed alongside statutory authority, lawful delegation, procedural fairness, reasons, evidence, recordkeeping and review rights. For private-sector systems, the necessary controls depend on the consequences of the use case and the privacy, consumer, safety, discrimination, professional, cyber security and sectoral laws engaged. Human review does not cure an otherwise unlawful system or decision.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

In the Brazilian AI Strategy, it is often stated that systems must be designed in a way that respects human rights, democratic values and diversity, imposing the inclusion of appropriate safeguards that enable human intervention, whenever necessary, to guarantee a just society (Section 1 – ‘Legislation, Regulation and Ethical Use’, page 18, Brazilian AI Strategy).

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

The Voluntary Code specifies under its Human Oversight and Monitoring principle that signatories to it should (with varying levels of obligation, as indicated, depending on whether a signatory is either a developer or a manager of a generative AI system and if the system is available for public use or not):

• monitor the operation of the system for harmful uses or impacts after it is made available, including through the use of third-party feedback channels, and inform the developer and/or implement usage controls as needed to mitigate harm; and
• maintain a database of reported incidents after deployment, and provide updates as needed to ensure effective mitigation measures.

Article 4 of the Chilean AI Bill establishes the main principles applicable to AI systems, and Article 4 a) states the following:

Human intervention and monitoring

AI systems will be developed and used as a tool in the service of human beings, with respect to human dignity and personal autonomy, and operated in a way that can be adequately controlled and monitored by human beings.

In addition, Article 8 f) of the Chilean AI Bill establishes the following rule applicable to High-Risk AI Systems:

Human oversight mechanisms

High-risk AI systems shall be designed and developed so that they can be supervised by natural persons technically qualified for this function as appropriate for the respective implementation scenario, and in a proportional manner with the associated risks, with the aim of preventing or minimising risks to health, safety, fundamental rights, democracy, and/or the environment, which may arise when a High-Risk AI system is used as intended or when it is likely to be misused.

The Recommendation Algorithms Provisions specify that to comply, businesses must (amongst other things) establish and improve relevant management systems and technical measures (including for algorithm mechanism review) and employ professional staff and technical support that is appropriate to the scale of the algorithm recommendation service.

The Implementation Guidelines for AI Agents (issued May 2026) emphasise safety and controllability as core principles for autonomous intelligent agent systems, with an express focus on ensuring safety and security alongside innovation-driven growth.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Laws specifically addressing AI have not yet been introduced in Hong Kong.

Human oversight is:

• one of the 12 ethical AI principles set out in the Ethical AI Framework, which says that the degree of human intervention required as part of an AI application’s decision-making or operations should be dictated by the level of the perceived severity of ethical issues;
• one of the seven ethical AI principles set out in the Guidance. The human oversight ethical principle set out in the Guidance specifies that users of AI systems should be able to take informed and autonomous actions regarding the recommendations or decisions of the AI systems. The level of human involvement in the process should be proportionate to the risks and impact of using the AI systems. In particular, it states that the option of human intervention should always exist for higher-risk uses of AI; and
• a key measure for mitigating the risks of using AI, according to the Model Framework, proportionate to the risk, and is critical for AI systems with a higher risk profile. It stresses that human oversight should not merely be a gesture, and that human reviewers should be able to properly assess, interpret, exercise discretion and veto AI recommendations or flag problematic content or decisions. It is clear that, ‘ultimately, human actors should be held accountable for the decisions and output made by AI’.

The GenAI Guideline specifies that human oversight is critical for ensuring the trust and accountability framework of generative AI systems, and that the degree of human oversight appropriate should in each case be based on the impact of different stages (e.g., data collection, model training, and output generation), with stronger need for human oversight where the impact is greater. Human oversight is important for ‘high-risk’ applications deployed in critical infrastructure contexts.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

India currently lacks legislation specific to AI. Consequently, there is no codified framework to address human oversight within a single regulation. However, human oversight is a core principle seen across India’s AI Governance Guidelines and certain sector-specific frameworks, to prevent autonomous AI systems from causing unchecked harm.

Additionally, the Indian Supreme Court released its Draft Regulations for Use of AI in Courts for public consultation in June 2026. This is India’s first proposed judicial AI governance framework that emphasises AI must always remain subordinate to human judgement and may only function in an assistive capacity.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

No AI‑specific statute prescribes human‑in‑the‑loop requirements. However, the 2023 AI Policy Paper expects accountability and appropriate human control over significant AI‑assisted decisions.

The Financial Sector Report further acknowledges human oversight as a critical safeguard against algorithmic failures, while cautioning against imposing blanket requirements across all decision-making processes. Instead, it advocates a risk-based approach in which real-time human intervention is reserved for high-risk systems, while retrospective human oversight over the system's decisions is deemed sufficient in lower-risk contexts.

Finally, while the PPA's draft guidance does not explicitly mention human oversight of automated processes, it implicitly endorses this principle by emphasising board-level governance, the appointment of a Data Protection Officer and establishing a legal basis for processing at all stages of the AI lifecycle.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Currently, there are no laws in Japan that specifically address this point.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight. This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Laws specifically addressing AI have not been introduced in Mauritius yet.

Laws specifically addressing AI have not been introduced in Mexico yet. Article 15 of the AI Bill states that the objective of human oversight shall be to prevent or minimise risks to health, safety or fundamental rights that may arise from the use of AI systems.

Laws specifically addressing AI have not been introduced in Morocco yet, so there are no statutory human oversight requirements.

A measure of human oversight over automated processing of personal data nonetheless arises under Law No. 09-08, which provides that decisions producing legal effects with respect to an individual cannot be based solely on automated data processing intended to define that person’s profile or to evaluate certain aspects of their personality.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Laws specifically addressing AI have not been introduced in New Zealand yet, so there are no statutory human oversight requirements. However, the OPC AI Guidance states the importance of developing processes for the human review of AI decisions, and to empower and adequately resource the people conducting these reviews. Both the OPC AI Guidance and the AI Guidance for Business highlight the importance of human oversight where automated decision-making has direct impacts on the outcomes of people. Both also warn that having a ‘human in the loop’ may not be sufficient to uphold the accuracy principle due to the risk of automation blindness. On this topic, the AI Guidance for Business concludes with a reminder that businesses are responsible for their decisions, regardless of the supporting technology used.

A standalone AI law has not yet been enacted in Nigeria, so there are no AI-specific statutory requirements for human oversight. The NBA AI Guidelines emphasise human oversight as a core principle for AI use in the legal profession.

The content on Human oversight in the European Union applies in Norway.

The AI Regulation expressly recognises human oversight as a guiding principle for the development, implementation and use of AI systems. AI systems must be subject to human oversight to ensure that their decisions are ethical, fair and respectful of fundamental rights, and to validate the quality of the data used, including its accuracy, integrity and representativeness.

For high-risk AI systems, public entities and private-sector developers or implementers must implement human oversight mechanisms where AI-based decision-making may have a significant impact in sectors such as health, education, justice, finance and access to basic programmes and services. Such oversight must be carried out by trained personnel with the ability to stop, correct or invalidate AI system decisions.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

There is no binding AI‑specific human‑oversight duty.

SDAIA AI guidance recommends human‑in‑the‑loop controls, pre‑defined escalation triggers, and traceability for significant decisions.

Public bodies must also comply with records management and auditability requirements under the 2024 Regulations on Official Communications and the Preservation of Documents and their Information.

Laws specifically addressing AI have not yet been introduced in Singapore. 

The Model Framework outlines a detailed framework for determining the appropriate extent of human oversight in AI-augmented decision-making, based on the probability and severity of harm to an individual (or organisation) as a result of the decision made by an organisation about that individual (or organisation).

The Model Framework for Agentic AI further emphasises that humans must remain meaningfully accountable for AI agents, recommending organisations to, among others: (i) clearly allocate responsibility across multiple parties in the agent lifecycle; (ii) design effective human oversight mechanisms including human approval checkpoints or action boundaries at significant decision points, auditing the effectiveness of human approvals, and complementing human oversight with automated monitoring; and (iii) adopt adaptive governance by regularly reviewing and updating approaches as the technology evolves.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Laws specifically addressing AI have not been introduced in South Africa, so there are no statutory human oversight requirements.

The AI Act does not specifically mandate human oversight as a general obligation. However, it does require certain safety and reliability measures in relation to high-impact AI. For high-performance AI systems, the AI Act requires AI business operators to identify, assess, and mitigate risks throughout the AI life cycle, and establish a risk management system (Article 32). For high-impact AIs, human oversight and supervision is required as one of the Safety and Reliability Measures (Article 34, Paragraph (1), Item 4). The Enforcement Decree (No. 36053) specifies certain procedures for high-impact AI confirmation requests and safety/reliability disclosures. Additionally, the AI Safety Institute (established under Article 12 of the AI Act) is tasked with research into AI safety and may contribute to the development of specific human oversight standards in due course.

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Human oversight is crucial for preventing and mitigating risks associated with the AI system's operation. Providers must also ensure that operators are adequately trained to oversee the AI system, understand its functionalities, and respond appropriately to any issues. Effective human oversight enhances the safety and reliability of high-risk AI systems, ensuring they operate within acceptable parameters and can be controlled in case of unexpected behaviour or malfunctions.

Article 14 of the EU AI Act deals with human oversight, stating that providers must implement measures to ensure effective human oversight of high-risk AI systems. This involves designing the system with mechanisms that allow human operators to monitor, intervene, and deactivate the AI system if necessary. Providers of high-risk AI systems are required to ensure that systems falling under their responsibility are compliant with this requirement (Article 16(a)) and to include the human oversight measures within the "instructions for use" for the high-risk AI system (Article 13(3)(d)). 

In addition, deployers of high-risk AI systems are required to comply with the providers 'instructions for use' and to assign human oversight to persons that have the necessary competence, training and authority as well as necessary support (Article 26(1) and (2)). 

Finally, recital 27 of the EU AI Act includes seven principles for trustworthy AI including ensuring that AI systems apply human agency and oversight.

This means that AI systems are developed and used as a tool that serves people, respects human dignity and personal autonomy, and that is functioning in a way that can be appropriately controlled and overseen by humans. 

Although laws specifically addressing AI have not been introduced in Thailand yet, the AI Ethics Guideline (2022), the Generative AI Guideline (2024) and the Draft AI Law Principles (2025) set out principles and guidelines on human oversight in connection with the use of AI (e.g., the establishment of an AI Governance Council within the organisation and the appointment of a legal representative).

Laws specifically addressing AI have not been enacted in Türkiye yet. NAIS sets out an ‘AI Principle’ of ‘Responsibility and Accountability’, as follows (page 61 of NAIS):

“Person(s) and organizations involved in the lifecycle of AI systems are ultimately responsible for the proper functioning of AI systems and the application of AI principles. In line with their roles in the lifecycle, the context of the system and technological possibilities, these actors and their ethical responsibilities should be able to be related to their liabilities regarding their decisions and actions. Accountability should be appropriately distributed among actors. Necessary mechanisms for human audit, impact analysis and risk assessment should be established. Technical and organizational design should guarantee auditing and traceability of compliance with AI values. Audit data should be available for third parties to research and review behaviour patterns of the AI system, in accordance with their mandate.”

There is no unified federal law or emirate level law in the UAE that has a primary focus on regulating AI (and therefore no binding obligations in relation to human oversight).

However, the AI Ethics Guide requires that rules and standards should be adopted to ensure effective human control over decisions. The Guide also contains a principle of accountability which provides that:

• Accountability for the outcomes of an AI System lies not with the system itself but is apportioned between those who design, develop and deploy it.

• Developers should make efforts to mitigate the risks inherent in the systems they design.

• AI Systems should have built-in appeals procedures whereby users can challenge significant decisions.

• AI Systems should be developed by diverse teams which include experts in the area in which the system will be deployed.

• AI Systems should be subject to external audit and decision quality assurance.

The DIFC’s Data Protection Regulations also provide that AI Systems must have mechanisms in place to ensure responsibility and accountability for outcomes. Such mechanisms may include internal governance and control frameworks in place for monitoring the AI System, processes and projects regularly or external organisation auditing processes regularly, enabling the assessment of algorithms, data and design processes.

Existing principles under e.g. the Equality Act 2010, Data Protection Act 2018, UK GDPR and, now, the Data (Use and Access) Act must be considered. As noted in the Law / Proposed Law section, DUAA has resulted in a more permissive approach to automated decision-making, allowing decisions to be made provided safeguards are in place relying on legitimate interests (unless special category data is involved). Please see our guide to Data Protection Laws of the World for a summary of the new Articles 22A-22D of the UK GDPR.

In July 2026, the Department for Business and Trade opened a consultation on the use of workplace monitoring technologies, seeking views to shape potential regulatory interventions and responsible adoption frameworks. The consultation covers AI-enabled surveillance, algorithmic management and automated decision-making affecting workers, addressing concerns that excessive or non-transparent monitoring may undermine employee trust and wellbeing. 

Human oversight of AI systems is not federally mandated in the US, but some states have passed related laws, particularly for high-risk applications.

At the federal level, the NIST AI RMF encourages organizations to implement human oversight mechanisms throughout the AI lifecycle. It defines oversight as the ability for humans to understand, monitor, and, when necessary, intervene in AI system operations. While not legally binding, the framework is widely adopted across industries and referenced in agency guidance.

Since the Biden Administration, some federal enforcement agencies, such as the FTC and SEC, have continued to stress the value of human accountability, particularly in cases where AI is used to make decisions that affect consumers or investors. However, these expectations are grounded in broader legal principles, rather than AI-specific statutes.

At the state level, human oversight is more explicitly addressed in certain laws, such as:

• Illinois’s Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act, which safeguards human oversight in mental healthcare by barring any entity without a professional licence—including where services are delivered via AI—from offering therapy services and by prohibiting licensed professionals from delegating therapeutic decisions to AI systems
• California’s Physicians Make Decisions Act, which prohibits healthcare coverage denials made on the sole basis of an AI or algorithmic tool
• New York City’s Local Law 144, which mandates that employers using automated employment decision tools conduct bias audits and provide human-readable explanations of how such tools may influence hiring decisions

These developments reflect a growing belief that human oversight may be a key to ensuring accountability, safety, and fairness in AI use.